Ganhos de seleção para produção de cachos em híbridos interespecíficos entre caiaué e dendê

The objective of this work was to estimate selection gains for bunch production in hybrids obtained from “caiaué” (Elaeis oleifera) parents from the Manicoré population and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) parents from the La Mé population, from the third to the eighth year after planting. Thirty-nine full-sibling progenies were evaluated in experiments conducted in a randomized complete block design, with four replicates and 12 plants per plot. The genetic gain estimates were 27.6% for the ten best selected F1 individuals, 13.7% for the four best selected progenies from parents of both sexes, 6.4% for the selected progenies of the five best male parents, 6.0% for the selected progenies of the two best families from male parents, and 4.0% for the selected progenies of the best descendants from male parents. Genetic gains for bunch production can be achieved, in the short term, through selection restricted to male parents, and, in the medium term, through selection of both male and female parents and cloning of F1 individuals.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar ganhos de seleção para produção de cachos em híbridos obtidos de genitores caiaué (Elaeis oleifera) da população Manicoré e dendê (Elaeis guineensis) da população La Mé, do terceiro ao oitavo ano após o plantio. Avaliaram-se 39 progênies de irmãos completos em experimentos conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e 12 plantas por parcela. As estimativas de ganho genético foram de 27,6% para a seleção dos dez melhores indivíduos F1, 13,7% para a seleção das quatro melhores progênies de genitores de ambos os sexos, 6,4% para a seleção das progênies dos cinco melhores genitores masculinos, 6,0% para a seleção das progênies das duas melhores famílias de genitores masculinos, e 4,0% para a seleção das progênies da melhor descendência de genitores masculinos. É possível obter ganhos genéticos para produção de cachos, em curto prazo, com a seleção restrita a genitores masculinos, e, em médio prazo, com a seleção de genitores masculinos e femininos e com a clonagem de indivíduos F1

GENOTYPIC VALUES AND GENETIC CORRELATIONS FOR COMPONENTS AND OIL CONTENT OF BUNCH OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN CAIAUÉ AND DENDÊ

The adoption of interspecific F1 hybrid cultivars between American oil palm and African oil palm (IEH-O×G) at commercial level is recent; it begun due to the demand for materials that are resistant to the fatal yellowing disease, the main phytosanitary problem for their grown in Brazil. IEH-O×G has a higher production cost due to the need for assisted pollination. This limitation increased the need for the development of new, more productive IEH-O×G, with higher bunch oil content and fresh fruit bunch yield (OC-FFB). The objective of the present work was to estimate and analyze genotypic values and genetic correlations of the main bunch characteristics, using the OC-FFB as references, and to establish bases for genetic gains in breeding programs. Thus, 840 bunches from adult plants of 39 IEH-O×G progenies were collected, grown in an area with fatal yellowing disease, and analyzed. Strong genetic correlations were found between OC-FFB and the characteristics: percentage of empty spikelets, total fruits in the bunch, and oil content in the mesocarp of normal and parthenocarpic fruits. The genotypic values of OC-FFB of the 39 progenies tested varied from 20.55% to 24.86%; the means of the best progenies were within the upper range described in the international literature for IEH-O×G, and above the average, but still far from the upper limit for genetic materials of African oil palm, which have higher levels of genetic improvement. These results indicate that interspecific hybridization between Manicoré (American oil palm) and La Mé (African oil palm) populations are favorable for the development of new IEH-O×G cultivars with high OC-FFB through direct selection, and that the correlated characteristics can be explored in indirect selections.A adoção de cultivares híbridos interespecíficos F1 entre caiaué e dendê (HIE OxG) em nível comercial é recente, induzida pela demanda de materiais resistentes ao amarelecimento fatal, maior problema fitossanitário da cultura no Brasil. O HIE OxG possui maior custo de produção devido à necessidade de polinização assistida. Devido a esta limitação, existe a necessidade de desenvolver novos HIE OxG mais produtivos, mediante aumento em produtividade de cachos e no teor de óleo no cacho (O/CFF). O objetivo do estudo atual foi estimar e analisar valores genotípicos e correlações genéticas referentes às principais características do cacho, tendo como referência O/CFF e estabelecer bases para ganhos no melhoramento genético. Foram analisados 840 cachos, colhidos de plantas adultas de 39 progênies HIE OxG, cultivadas em área de amarelecimento fatal. Foram observadas correlações genéticas fortes entre O/CFF, com as características percentual de espiguetas vazias e frutos total no cacho e teor de óleo no mesocarpo dos frutos normais e partenocárpicos. Os valores genotípicos de O/CFF variaram entre 20,55 e 24,86% nas 39 progênies testadas, com as melhores progênies situadas no limite superior da literatura internacional para HIE OxG, e acima da média, porém ainda distante do limite superior, de materiais genéticos de dendê, que possuem maior nível de melhoramento genético. Estes resultados indicam que a hibridação interespecífica entre as populações Manicoré e La Mé é favorável para o desenvolvimento de novos cultivares HIE OxG com alto O/CFF mediante seleção direta e a associação com as características correlacionadas pode ser explorada na seleção indireta

SISTEMA DE PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS EM HÍBRIDOS INTERESPECÍFICOS ENTRE CAIAUÉ E DENDÊ

The objective of this study was to evaluate three systems of seedling production of interspecific hybrids of American oil palm and African oil palm (HIE), difference between 12 sib progenies of BRS Manicoré cultivar and the interaction between these two factors. The production systems were evaluated: (i) two-stage nursery with the initial shading (conventional system), (ii) two-stage nursery without shading and (iii) one-stage nursery without shading. The variables evaluated were plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter at 106, 191 and 393 days after sowing. In all variables and periods analyzed, the genotype and environmental factors were significant to F test, but the interaction genotype x environment was not significant. The best development of seedlings in the nursery production system occurred in one-step nursery without shading. The two stages nursery with shading in pre-nursery, which is currently the most widely adopted, resulted in lower seedling development.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar três sistemas de produção de mudas de híbridos interespecíficos (HIE) entre caiaué e dendê, diferença entre 12 progênies de irmãos germanos do cultivar BRS Manicoré e a interação entre esses dois fatores. Os sistemas de produção avaliados foram: (i) viveiro de dois estágios com sombreamento inicial (sistema convencional); (ii) viveiro de dois estágios sem sombreamento inicial e (iii) viveiro de um estágio sem sombreamento inicial. Foram avaliadas as variáveis altura da planta, número de folhas e diâmetro do coleto aos 106, 191 e 393 dias após a semeadura. Em todas as variáveis e épocas analisadas, os fatores genótipo e ambiente foram significativos e o fator inteiração genótipo x ambiente não foi significativo pelo teste F. O melhor desenvolvimento das mudas no viveiro ocorreu no sistema de produção de uma fase sem sombreamento inicial. O viveiro de duas fases com sombreamento inicial, que é atualmente o mais adotado, resultou em menor desenvolvimento das mudas

Ganhos de seleção para a produção de óleo de palma em progênies de caiaué com dendê

The objective of this work was to estimate the genetic parameters, correlations, and selection gains for the oil production of interspecific hybrids progenies between American oil palm, of 'Manicoré' origin, and oil palm, of 'La Mé' origin. Thirty-nine progenies were evaluated from the sixth to the ninth year after planting, for the productivity of fresh fruit bunches (PROD_FFB), oil content in the bunch (OCB), and palm oil productivity (PROD_OP). The genetic parameters and gains from direct (GDS) and indirect (GIS) selection were estimated for PROD_OP. High values of heritability for the CVg/CVe ratio indicated favorable conditions for the selection. With the selection of 20% of the progenies (selection in both sexes), the following estimates were obtained: 11.15% GDS for PROD_OP, 9.1% GIS for OCB, and 8.1% GIS for PROD_FFB. The PROD_OP of the progenies was of 6,175, 6,057, and 5,995 kg ha-1 per year with GDS and GIS for OCB and PROD_FFB, respectively. The restricted selection of the LM2T male genitor offspring resulted in 5.1% estimated GSD and in a mean of 5,800 kg ha-1 per year for PROD_OP. Selection gains for PROD_OP can be achieved immediately through the selection restricted to oil palm male genitors, and, in the medium and long term, through the interspecific reciprocal recurrent selection between American oil palm and oil palm populations.O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar os parâmetros genéticos, as correlações e os ganhos de seleção para a produção de óleo de progenies de híbridos interespecíficos entre caiaué, da origem 'Manicoré', e dendê da origem 'La Mé'. Trinta e nove progênies foram avaliadas, do sexto ao nono ano pós-plantio, quanto a produtividade de cachos de frutos frescos (PROD_FFB), teor de óleo no cacho (OCB) e produtividade de óleo de palma (PROD_OP). Foram estimados os parâmetros genéticos e os ganhos de seleção direta (GDS) e indireta (GIS) para PROD_OP. Altos valores de herdabilidade para a razão CVg/CVe indicaram condições favoráveis para a seleção. Com a seleção de 20% das progênies (seleção em ambos os sexos), as seguintes estimativas foram obtidas: 11,15% de GDS para PROD_OP, 9,1% GIS para OCB e 8,1% GIS para PROD_FFB, respectivamente. A PROD_OP das progênies foi de 6.175, 6.057 e 5.995 kg ha-1 por ano, com GSD e GSI em OCB e PROD_CFF, respectivamente. A seleção restrita a genitores masculinos de dendê LM2T resultou em 5,1% de GSD e na média de 5.800 kg ha-1 por ano para PROD_OP. Ganhos de seleção para PROD_OP podem ser obtidos imediatamente pela seleção restrita de genitores masculinos de dendê e, em médio e longo prazo, pela seleção recorrente recíproca interes­pecífica entre as populações de caiaué e dendê

The Use of DRIS for Nutritional Diagnosis in Oil Palm in the State of Pará

ABSTRACT: The oil palm crop has expanded significantly in the state of Pará, which has not been followed in a proportional manner by studies aiming at increasing yield through plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate general and specific norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for genetic materials of oil palm (African and interspecific hybrid) at two ages (young and adult plants) and evaluate possible deficiencies in fertilization and soil correction practices. The DRIS norms were composed of means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation of bivariate, specific, and general relationships among nutrients of 144 leaf samples. The DRIS norms specific for genetic material did not differ from the general norms; however, a large number of differences were found between specific bivariate relationships for age groups, among themselves, and in relation to the general norms. The regression analysis between the nutritional balance index and yield were better explained when age groups were discriminated. In the young plants, the number of cases of stands with deficiencies followed the order Ca > Fe > B > S > Mn > K > Mg = Cu > Zn > N > P; and for adults, this order was Ca > Mn > Zn > Fe > S = B > N = Cu > K > Mg > P. The DRIS norms can be utilized in diagnostics regardless of genetic material; however, they must be specified for the age of the plant. Most of the stands showed deficiency in Ca and micronutrients, coinciding with the least used nutrients in oil palm crops in the state of Pará, as well as emphasizing the need for soil liming

The Use of DRIS for Nutritional Diagnosis in Oil Palm in the State of Pará

ABSTRACT The oil palm crop has expanded significantly in the state of Pará, which has not been followed in a proportional manner by studies aiming at increasing yield through plant nutrition. The objective of this study was to evaluate general and specific norms of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) for genetic materials of oil palm (African and interspecific hybrid) at two ages (young and adult plants) and evaluate possible deficiencies in fertilization and soil correction practices. The DRIS norms were composed of means, standard deviations, and coefficients of variation of bivariate, specific, and general relationships among nutrients of 144 leaf samples. The DRIS norms specific for genetic material did not differ from the general norms; however, a large number of differences were found between specific bivariate relationships for age groups, among themselves, and in relation to the general norms. The regression analysis between the nutritional balance index and yield were better explained when age groups were discriminated. In the young plants, the number of cases of stands with deficiencies followed the order Ca > Fe > B > S > Mn > K > Mg = Cu > Zn > N > P; and for adults, this order was Ca > Mn > Zn > Fe > S = B > N = Cu > K > Mg > P. The DRIS norms can be utilized in diagnostics regardless of genetic material; however, they must be specified for the age of the plant. Most of the stands showed deficiency in Ca and micronutrients, coinciding with the least used nutrients in oil palm crops in the state of Pará, as well as emphasizing the need for soil liming

Bunch yield of interspecific hybrids of American oil palm with oil palm in the juvenile phase

To identify superior genotypes, 42 progenies of interspecific hybrids between American oil palm and oil palm were evaluated in an area with incidence of bud rot. The following variables were assessed: total bunch yield (TBY), number of bunches (NB) and mean bunch weight (MBW) from the third to the sixth year of cultivation and estimates of genetic parameters obtained by REML/BLUP procedures. High heritability values of the evaluated traits were observed. The gain estimates for TBY were 14.49% for the selection of the five best progenies and 33.36% for the selection of the five best trees, considering multiplication by cloning. A medium correlation was observed between TBY and NB (r2 = 0.33±0.021), a high correlation between TBY and MBW (r2 = 0.53±0.019) and a negative high correlation between NB and MBW (r2 = –0.60±0.018). The results indicate a high expectation of gains with selection for TBY